Fig. 4: Trapped gas nanobubbles formed by water crystallization.
From: Molecular-resolution imaging of ice crystallized from liquid water by cryogenic liquid-cell TEM
a HRTEM image of an ice Ih crystal aligned to the [0001] zone axis from the interior area of a crystal section. Arrows indicate trapped gas bubbles. b Fourier transform of (a). c ABS-filtered HRTEM image from the area highlighted by the dashed box in (a). d Intensity map of the three reflections in b indexed by red, green, and blue colors. Maps of in-plane strain distribution from GPA for xx (e), yy (f), and xy (g). h Histogram of mechanical quantities in this area (Interior) and the defective edge (D.E.; Fig. 2a). i ABS-filtered HRTEM image of a through-hole in thin ice films. The exposed crystal plane assignment assumes vertical facets with a projected length of at least 3 unit cells. A yellow shade indicates areas showing ice lattices. j Cross-sectional view of an MD-simulated nanobubble (r = 6 nm) in ice color-coded by the local volumetric strain. k Surface beads from the nanobubble color-coded by recognized facets in 3D and top-down views. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
