Fig. 2: Antibiotic resistance phenotypes and ARG burdens in E. coli across ecological sectors and sampling sources.

Proportion of resistant isolates to 11 antibiotics across sampling sectors and sources without (a) and with (b) antibiotic selection, as determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Antibiotics tested include ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, meropenem, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT). BB represents bathing beach samples. The numbers in parentheses next to each sampling source represent the number of isolates recovered from that source. ARG number per E. coli isolate across ecological sectors and sampling sources without (c) and with (d) antibiotic selection. The box plots display the minimum, 25th percentile, median (indicated by the line inside the box), 75th percentile, and maximum values for each group. The mean is represented by the “+” sign. Outliers are plotted as individual points. Statistical significance was assessed using two-way ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons, with p-values reported for pairwise comparisons: Environment vs. Animal (<1 × 10⁻¹⁰), Human vs. Animal (<1 × 10⁻¹⁰), and Human vs. Environment (0.00012) for (c); Environment vs. Animal (7.5 × 10⁻⁵), Human vs. Animal (9.8 × 10⁻⁴), and Human vs. Environment (0.73) for (d). Significance is indicated as follows: ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. No significant differences were observed for Human vs. Environment in (d). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.