Fig. 6: Cross-sectoral dissemination and genomic context of high-risk ARGs.
a, d Phylogenetic trees of third-generation cephalosporin resistance blaCTX-M genes and quinolone resistance genes reconstructed from protein sequences. Genes transferred across all three sectors are annotated on the tree with their subtype name. The sector of origin, genomic locus (chromosome or plasmid), and plasmid mobility classification are shown alongside each tip. The branches of the tree are colored according to ARG subtype. b, e Bipartite networks linking each ARG subtype to its ecological sector (human-associated, animal-associated, environmental) and genomic location. Red edges represent genes shared across all three sectors; blue edges indicate genes shared across two sectors. Node size reflects the number of observations, and node labels are shown when counts exceed one. c, f The frequency of insertion sequence (IS) detected adjacent to subtypes. The frequency is calculated as the ratio of genes with detected IS upstream or downstream to the total number of genes. The ARG count bar graph displays the number of genes for each subtype. The ARG subtype bar graph shows the number of IS-associated subtypes. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
