Fig. 3: GraMOS-enabled activation of neurons on G-interfaces.
a Experimental scheme (left) and a representative brightfield image of a neuron on a G-substrate during patch-clamp experiments (right) (n > 50 experiments). b Currents triggered by 5-s light illumination (452 nm; 1.9 mW/mm2, 4.1 mW/mm2, and 8 mW/mm2 for 1x, 2x, and 4x light intensities, respectively) in voltage-clamped G-interfaced neurons (Vh = -70 mV). The insert on the left (yellow box) shows a zoom-in of the raising phase of light-triggered currents in neurons. c Light-triggered action potentials in G-interfaced neurons (452 nm; 4.1 mW/mm2; 1-s duration for the left trace, and 2-ms duration for the center and right traces). d Experimental scheme for GraMOS-empowered all-optical calcium imaging under wide-field illumination. e Representative images of Fluo-4-labeled neurons on G-substrates (n > 50 experiments). f Light parameters for GraMOS-based assays minimize optical crosstalk: wavelengths of stimulation light (LS) lie outside the fluorophore absorption range, while the intensity of fluorophore excitation light (Lₑ) remains below the GraMOS activation threshold. g Representative calcium transients from several regions of interest in the same field of view of G-interfaced cells (neurons – N; astrocyte – A) and Fluo-4 signal outside cells (background – the bottom trace) in response to pulsed wide-field light illumination (638 nm; 3.9 mW/mm2, 5 ms duration). h Representative bursting calcium transients triggered by prolonged wide-field light illumination (638 nm; 3.9 mW/mm2; 2-s duration) in G-interfaced primary cortical neurons.
