Fig. 5: Experimental confirmation of secondary flows under bulldozed grains using particle image velocimetry of depth-averaged velocity fields from two orthogonal x-ray radiographs (left column).
From: Experimental confirmation of secondary flows within granular media
These results are cross-validated with the corresponding depth-averaged velocity fields of the discrete element method simulation (right column), recreated from artificially generated radiographs. a and b refer to the x-axis velocity fields (Ux) seen from the top (detector 2). Similarly, c and d display the y-axis velocity fields (Uy). x-axis velocity fields from the side (detector 1) are shown on e and f, and z-axis velocity fields (Uz) are displayed on g and h. All velocity fields are normalised by the velocity (Ub) of the conveyor, which transports particles from right to left in all the above panels.
