Fig. 9: Introduction of goals locally modulates grid fields.

a Firing rate of an example grid cell is shown before and after learning the goal locations (black dots). b Introduction of goals led to grid cells moving closer to goals. c Grid score for the open field and after learning the goal locations is plotted. The mean and standard error of the mean are plotted. d The degree of attraction of grid fields is inversely related to the distance of their peak from the closest goal. The mean and standard deviation are plotted. Simulation of experimental results in (a–d) by the model. The simulation results in (e–h) were repeated 50 times with different randomization seeds, and the average has been plotted. Error bars indicate standard error across simulations. See also Supplementary Fig. 5. Data in (a–d) are reproduced/modified from Boccara et al., https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4837, AAAS⁵².