Fig. 8: Spatial variation of RORB glutamatergic neurons in visual cortex.

a A refined laminar annotation identification of layer 4 in visual cortex (n = 3), DeepST AI-assisted semi-supervised laminar segmentation based on nucleic acid and cell type annotation. b The spatially resolved single-cell transcriptome of the adult human telencephalon V1 (n = 3) as determined by Stereo-seq analyses (top left). Selected an area with a layered structure (top right). Scatterplot of two Stereo-seq example (V1) showing gradient-laminar distributed subclasses (down). Cells are colored by their subclass ID (same color as in a). The slide size is 1x1cm, and the subclasses are displayed using the cell bin, and cell-type deconvolution is performed using 10 μm cell bins derived from Stereo-seq data. c Volcano plots showing layer 4 DEGs in 14 cortical regions. The 3–4 most significant genes are shown with their names highlighted (two-sided Wilcoxon test, Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparison; genes with adjusted P < 0.01 and fold change > 1.2 are defined as significant). d Volcano plots showing DEGs in the fine structure of layer 4 in V1. The 6 most significant genes are shown with their names highlighted (two-sided Wilcoxon test, Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparison; genes with adjusted P < 0.01 and fold change > 1.2 are defined as significant). e Heatmap showing scaled expressions of representative DEGs enriched in L4a, L4b, and L4c (left), and the GO term enrichment analysis for specific regions, highlighting the molecular functions and biological processes (right). f Stereo spatial slides of layer 4 in V1 showing expression of markers related to the fine laminar structure. In these plots, the position of the dots corresponds to the marker expression in cells, while the color intensity indicates the expression level.