Fig. 10: Proposed summary of post-error-specific interactions between the cerebellum, motor thalamus, motor cortex, basal ganglia, and behavior in the early phase of learning.

In the post-error trials in the non-expert sessions, the motor thalamus (mTh) that received the cerebellar output transmitted larger signals to M2 immediately after the cue onset (orange solid line), the M2 neurons showed larger signals at the lever-pull onset (blue triangles), and the initial lever-pull speed was faster than in the post-success trials (black arrow). The dashed lines indicate signal flows that we propose on the basis of the results of this and other studies: the post-error signal from the ACC and other brain regions with the sensory cue may activate the cerebellum (cer), and the cerebellum increases the activity that is sent to the motor thalamus (orange dotted lines). The post-error-specific change in the cerebellar activity may also change M2 and BG activities that are responsible for monitoring the elapsed time to elongate the pull latency (green dotted lines). The interaction between the cerebellum and BG may also be mediated by other pathways (black dotted line). The change in M2 activity may affect activity downstream, including M1 and the spinal cord (blue dotted lines).