Fig. 5: The effect of temporal hydrogen regulation on electricity prices.

Figure shows the price duration curve at 120 TWh export and 0% domestic CO2 mitigation. Stricter temporal hydrogen regulation pushes the price duration curve towards the left, as additional renewable electricity capacities phase out fossil generation with higher short-term marginal costs than renewables. Negative prices below −50 € per megawatt-hour (€ MWh−1) are cut off.