Table 1 Mitigation strategies of vacant residential building utilization and their default values in model implementation

Strategy type	Strategy code	Description	Model implementation (default values)
Strategy type	Strategy code	Description	HVR_t	r_R,t	r_D,t	Year_a
None	BAU	Business as usual	—	—	—	N/A
Supply side	RN	Renovation	—	60%	—	2060
Supply side	RN-D	Demolition restriction + Renovation	—	60%	20%	2060
Demand side	VR	HVR reduction	10%	—	—	2060
Supply and demand sides	RVR	Renovation + HVR reduction	10%	60%	—	2060
Supply and demand sides	RVR-D	Demolition restriction + Renovation + HVR reduction	10%	60%	20%	2060

Note: (1) HVR_t, r_R,t, r_D,t respectively represent the target values of housing vacancy rate HVR, renovation rate r_R and over-demolition ratio r_D that are expected to be achieved by Year_a. After Year_a, these parameter values are assumed to be kept as their target values (see Supplementary Fig. 16 for the assumed variations of HVR, r_R and r_D over 2023-2100); (2) The symbols — in the table cells denote that the values in 2022 are followed, that is, HVR_t = 31.3%, r_R,t = 0%, or r_D,t = 69.6%–69.7% (Supplementary Note 5); (3) The period between 2023 and Year_a is referred to as the transition period, while the period after Year_a is termed the stable period; (4) The determination of default regulation targets for multiple mitigation strategies is elaborated in Methods.

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