Fig. 2: Catalytic performance and active species production in the RuGN/Fe(VI) system.

a Removal of CIP in various reaction systems. b Comparison analysis of normalized kinetics of emerging pollutant degradation in this study and the literature reports (details in Supplementary Table 4). c The impact of water chemistry factors on the RuGN/Fe(VI) system (removal (%) refers to the percentage of CIP removed in different systems, while inhibition (%) refers to the inhibition percentage of CIP removal compared to the control group). d The degradation rates of CIP in diverse aqueous medium when using the RuGN/Fe(VI) system as the degradation system. e Comparison of the degradation rates of multiple contaminants in the Fe(VI) and RuGN/Fe(VI) systems. f CIP degradation performance in the presence of active species quencher. g EIC of PMS¹⁶O¹⁶O and PMS¹⁶O¹⁸O generated from the oxidation of PMS¹⁶O in the RuGN/Fe(VI) system in H₂¹⁸O (inset: the reaction process in the RuGN/Fe(VI)/PMS¹⁶O/H₂¹⁸O system). h The PMSO/PMSO₂ concentration and PMSO to PMSO₂ conversion rate (η) in the SACs/Fe(VI) and Fe(VI) alone systems (the red arrow indicates that the production of PMSO₂ is the highest in the RuGN/Fe(VI) system among these Fe(VI)-based systems). i The contribution ratios of high-valent metal intermediates and other reactive species over different SACs. Reaction conditions: (a, c–f, h) If not otherwise specified, all the batch experiments were conducted in [pollutant] = 10 μM, [catalyst] = 50 mg L⁻¹, [Fe(VI)] = 30 μM, reaction time = 7 min. c [HA] = 0.5 mg L⁻¹, [Cl⁻] = [HCO₃⁻] = [SO₄²⁻] = [NO₃⁻] = 5 mM, reaction time = 20 min. e [CIP] = [RHB] = [APAP] = [TC] = [BPA] = [4−CP] = 10 μM, reaction time = 10 min. f [TBA] = 50 mM, [PBQ] = 0.5 mM, [DMSO] = 50 mM. h [PMSO]  =  50 μM. Error bars represent the standard deviation and are calculated based on three independent experiments.