Fig. 3: Time series related to the mechanism of deglacial Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) overturning rate change.

A Average zonal wind stress (unit: dyne/cm2) over 60°S-40°S in C-iTRACE (black) and experiment SO_wind (blue). B AABW overturning rate (unit: Sv) in C-iTRACE (black) and experiment SO_wind (green). C Density flux (black), thermal density flux (blue), haline density flux (red) and brine density flux (magenta) in the AABW formation region (60°W-20°E, south of 60°) (unit: 10-6 kg m−2s−1). D Sea ice fraction in the AABW formation region. E Sea surface temperature (SST) in the AABW formation region (unit: °C). The gray shading indicates Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, 17.5ka-14.7ka).