Fig. 4: NE-driven late-response genes.

A Heatmap of log₂(fold change) in gene expression relative to HC at various time points following 30 min NE exposure in CA1, CA3, and DG by bulk RNA-seq. Genes were defined as late (≥2 h)-response genes based on the first time point at which |FC | > 1.2 (excluding early-response genes from Fig. 3C) and separated into CA1-, CA3-, and DG-enriched or Common based on whether fold change requirements were satisfied in one or more than one region, respectively. Number of genes in each cluster is indicated on the left. B Line plots of bulk RNA-seq DESeq2 depth-normalized counts for Ttl1, Mgp, and Dclk3 following NE exposure in CA1, CA3, and DG, respectively. Lines = mean ± SEM; black = Padj 0.05 (two-sided Wald test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction). C Heatmap of log₂(fold change) in gene expression of all significant NE-regulated genes that are annotated secreted factors relative to HC at each time point of NE exposure in CA1, CA3, and DG by bulk RNA-seq. D Heatmap of secreted factors (ligands) from (C) with their receptors. Left grid shows ligand-receptor pair, with dark shading indicating whether ligand expression was upregulated (dark red) or downregulated (dark blue) in response to NE. Background shading indicates the hippocampal region of ligand NE gene expression regulation (common, CA1- CA3- or DG-enriched). Right heatmap shows row-normalized z-scores of cognate receptor expression from HC snRNA-seq across all major cell types, ordered by cell type of maximum receptor expression.