Fig. 3: Differences between individuals with anxiety-related and depressive disorders and healthy controls in human fear conditioning.

Regions wherein individuals with anxiety-related and depressive disorders (n = 311) showed significantly increased functional activation to the CS+ versus CS − , as compared to healthy controls (a). Normative probability maps illustrate the percentage of participants in the sample (test controls – top; individuals with anxiety-related and depressive disorders – bottom) who had positive (hot colours – right) or negative deviations (cool colours – left) > ±2.6 within each voxel (b). Box plots show the distribution of the total number of large deviations (> ±2.6) per group. The centre line indicates the median; box bounds represent the 25 and 75th percentiles (interquartile range, IQR); whiskers extend to the smallest and largest values within 1.5 × IQR from the lower and upper quartiles. Sample sizes: control group n = 646; PTSD n = 55; OCD n = 68; GAD n = 48; SAD n = 31; total clinical group n = 202 (c). Normative probability maps illustrate the percentage of each clinical group who had positive (hot colours – right) or negative deviations (cool colours – left) > ±2.6 within each voxel (d). Confusion matrix for multi-class support vector machine differentiating patterns of deviations among clinical groups (e). ARDD anxiety-related and depressive disorders, GAD Generalised Anxiety Disorder, OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, PTSD Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, SAD Social Anxiety Disorder. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.0001. Kruskal–Wallis H-tests were used to test for main group effects (cases vs controls), with follow-up Mann–Whitney U tests false discovery rate (FDR) corrected at α = 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.