Table 1 Benchmark of the proposed Bayesian neural network system with other reported works

Network structure

Hierarchical Bayesian Neural Network

Bayesian Neural Network

Convolutional Neural Network

Bayesian Neural Network

Device

TiN/HZO/TiN/ W Fe-Diode

TiN/TaO_x/HfO_x/TiN RRAM

TiN/TaO_x/HfO_x/TiN RRAM

TiN/HfO₂/Ti/TiN O_xRAM

Array size

16 × 8 × 64

160 k

128 × 16

128 × 128

Entropy source

Shot noise

RTN noise

N/A

Cycle-to-cycle variation

Program energy

25 fJ

N/A

324 pJ

215 pJ

Area efficiency

0.06 F²/state

N/A

~ 0.46 F²/state

N/A

Working temperature range

− 40 °C ~ 125 °C

N/A

N/A

N/A