Fig. 3: Monolignol composition in wild-type Arabidopsis and lignin mutants.
a A comparison of lignin regions from 2D 13C CP refocused J-INADEQUATE spectra of WT16A (left), fah1-16A (middle), and ref3-16A (right). The signals are color-coded to represent syringyl (S, blue), guaiacyl (G, orange), and oxidized syringyl (S’, green) units. b A simulated distribution map of resolvable NMR signals for different lignin monomer units, generated using data from multiple plant species, including eucalyptus, poplar, spruce, and maize. H: p-hydroxyphenyl unit, FA: ferulate. c Representative chemical structures of the G, S, and S’ units. d Molar fractions of G (yellow) and combined S/S’ (blue) units in the three samples. Estimations were based on the peak volumes corresponding to carbon 3/5 and 4 of the S/S’ units, and carbon 3/4 signals of the G units. e Representative images of Mäule-stained cross-sections of Arabidopsis stems. The merged fluorescence images show the distribution of G lignin (green) and S lignin (pink) in lignified tissues of the basal segments of the inflorescence stems. Scale bars represent 50 μm. Representative images from three biological replicates, with consistent results across two independent staining sessions. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
