Fig. 4: Cell viability and density in the biopiezocatalytic system producing bioplastic from fructose.

a Viable cell percentages and b cell densities after 96 h of heterotrophic growth of the mechanically-stimulated ZnO-C. necator hybrid system and the relevant controls (p1 = 0.0053, p2 = 0.0019, p3 = 0.0002, and p4 = 0.0326). Cn: C. necator. Data are mean ± s.d. (n = 3 independent experiments); two-tailed paired Student’s t-test; *p ≤ 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.