Fig. 1: Catalyst design strategy.

Catalytic ozonation paradigm of typical SACs (A). Conventional SACs lose electrons continuously during catalytic ozonation, resulting in low activity during long-term use. The concept of bidirectional electronic transfer interaction tunnel construction (B). The targeted anchoring of electron-sharing sites furnishes an ample supply of electrons and empty orbitals. This approach paves the way for realizing the concept of sustainable high activity. By establishing bidirectional electron-transport interaction tunnels, electrons can cycle within the catalyst, while simultaneously facilitating the extraction of electrons from contaminants present outside the catalyst.