Fig. 7: Scale-up experiments of PEC Cu-assisted BIOR.

a Photograph of the experimental setup in the gram-scale synthesis and the illustration of the two-electrode PEC flow reactor. b LSV curves of the scaled BiVO4 photoanodes measured in 0.2 M BI with 10 ppm Cu ions in a two-electrode cell. c The average photocurrent, yield rate and FE(BA) as a function of reaction time. d 1H and e 13C NMR spectra (400 MHz, CDCl3) of collected solid products. The insets were the photograph of separated product and its structure, respectively.