Fig. 5: Eradication of mature Xoo biofilm by AIM-12S/R and their supramolecular materials AIM-12S/R@β-CD.
From: Chiral dependence of multifunctional supramolecular materials in crop protection
A Crystal violet staining images showing biofilm eradication following treatment with AIM-12S, AIM-12S@β-CD, AIM−12R, and AIM−12R@β-CD. B–E Quantification of residual biofilm by optical density at 570 nm after 48 h incubation with varying concentrations of AIM-12S (B), AIM−12S@β-CD (C), AIM−12R (D), and AIM-12R@β-CD (E). F Biofilm eradication rates for each formulation against pre-formed biofilms. G, H Statistical colonies and colony growth of biofilm-embedded Xoo on agar plates after 48 h biofilm establishment in 96-well plates and subsequent 48 h exposure to varying concentrations of each agent. In B–G data are presented as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc analysis was used to determine statistical differences, and significance levels were indicated by asterisks (n ≥ 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; ns no significance). All experiments were performed with a minimum of three biological replicates, with sample sizes indicated in the corresponding figures. Source data are available in the Source Data file.
