Fig. 6: Inhibition of Xoo virulence factors by AIM-12S/R and their supramolecular materials AIM-12S/R@β-CD.

A Growth curves of Xoo treated with different agents at concentrations ranging from 0 to 8.0 × EC₅₀. B Inhibition of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production by AIM-12S, AIM-12S@β-CD, AIM-12R and AIM-12R@β-CD across concentrations from 0.5 to 4.0 × EC₅₀. C Representative images and quantitative analysis of extracellular amylase activity, measured as hydrolytic zone diameter, following treatment with β-CD, AIM-12S, AIM-12S@β-CD, AIM-12R and AIM-12R@β-CD at 1.0 × EC₅₀. D Representative images and quantification of swimming motility, assessed by motility zone diameter under the same treatment conditions. E Photographs of Xoo-infected rice leaves after treatment with the tested agents at 1.0 × EC₅₀. F Lesion length from the pathogenicity assay in (E) was quantified. In panels (A–D, F), data are presented as mean ± SD. For B–D, F, one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc analysis was used to determine statistical differences, and significance levels were indicated by asterisks (n ≥ 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; ns not significant). All experiments were performed with a minimum of three biological replicates, with sample sizes indicated in the corresponding figures. Source data are available in the Source Data file.