Fig. 3: Illustration of battery data in latent space (brown color denotes abnormal samples and blue color normal ones).
From: Large lithium-ion battery model for secure shared electric bike battery in smart cities

a The representation visualization of the battery status data encoded by different methods. b Visualization of different anomalies representations captured by LLiM(1B). Among different anomalies, b1 represents the large voltage difference, b2 indicates the self-discharge behavior, and b3 corresponds the abnormal battery cell.