Fig. 1: Synthesis and characterization of the NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP catalyst.

a Mechanism diagram of the NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP catalyst. b AC HAADF-STEM image of NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP, with the inset showing (c) contact angles of water on NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP. d High-resolution XPS N 1 s spectra of NiPc-NH2, and NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP. e Experimental Ni K-edge XANES spectra and first derivative curves and (f) Fourier transformed magnitudes of the experimental Ni K-edge EXAFS signals of NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP, NiPc@CNT, and Ni foil. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.