Fig. 4: Mechanism analysis of interfacial water influence.

a LSV curves of NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP in Ar-saturated electrolyte of 0.5 M K2SO4 + H2SO4 (pH = 1) under varied rotating speed (without iR compensation). b A comparison of NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP, NiPc-NH2/CNT, and NiPc/CNT at 1000 rpm (without iR compensation). c A typical model of NiPc-NH2/-SHP for MD simulations, red: O, white: H, blue: N, black: C, yellow: S, light blue: Ni. d Radial distribution functions (g(r)) of H3O+ surrounding the Ni center for NiPc, NiPc-NH3+ and NiPc-NH3+/-SHP. e g(r) of H2O surrounding the Ni center for NiPc, NiPc-NH3+ and NiPc-NH3+/-SHP. f Schematic presentation of water species distribution on the surface of NiPc@CNT, NiPc-NH2/CNT, and NiPc-NH2/CNT-SHP.