Fig. 1: Investigation of the ageing of FAI and perovskite solutions.

a1H NMR spectra and b the corresponding UV–Vis spectra of the fresh and aged FAI solutions in air. DMSO-d6 is used for all 1H NMR tests. The inset is the photograph of the FAI solutions in air. c UV–Vis spectra of perovskite solutions1.H NMR spectra of the d control and e target perovskite solutions exposed to air for 1-3 days. f The percentage reduction of the integral area of c2 and H2O were obtained from the 1H NMR spectra.