Fig. 4: Neurobiological characterization of MIND networks.

A Association (two-sided test) between the neurobiological similarity matrix and HC edges (top) and the effect sizes of MIND edges between SSD and HC (bottom), where yellow indicates a higher dot density than blue. B Correlation between empirical and predicted regional HC degrees (top-left) and effect sizes of degrees (bottom-left); empirical and predicted regional maps of HC degrees (top-middle) and effect sizes of degrees (bottom-middle); and significant (P_spin < 0.05) PCA-CCA neurobiological loadings of HC degrees (top-right) and effect sizes of degrees, where data (n = 1000 bootstrapped samples) are presented as mean values ± standard deviation (bottom-right). C Regional associations between cognition and both MIND degree and centiles in SSD, where red indicates a positive correlation (left, top and bottom, respectively). Correlation between empirical and predicted regional MIND-cognition (top-middle) and centile-cognition (bottom-middle) associations in SSD, along with their empirical and predicted regional maps, where blue and red indicate a negative and positive correlation, respectively. Significant (P_spin < 0.05) PCA-CCA neurobiological loadings of MIND-cognition (top-right) and centile-cognition (bottom-right) associations in SSD. Supplementary data are provided as a Source Data file. 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_1B, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT₄, 5-HT₆: serotonin receptors; 5-HTT: serotonin transporter. Astro astrocytes, CB₁ cannabinoid receptor, CBF cerebral blood flow, CBV cerebral blood volume, CMRGlu cerebral metabolic rate of glucose, CMRO₂ cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, D₁, D₂ dopamine receptors, DAT dopamine transporter, Developmental exp. developmental expansion, Evolutionary exp. evolutionary expansion, Gene PC1 gene expression PC1, H₃ histamine receptor, HC healthy control, M₁ acetylcholine receptor, Micro microglia, MIND morphometric inverse divergence, MOR opioid receptor, Neuro-Ex excitatory neurons, Neuro-In inhibitory neurons, NMDA glutamate receptor, OPC oligodendrocyte precursor cells, Scaling NIH allometric scaling from National Institutes of Health, Scaling PNC allometric scaling from Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, SSD schizophrenia spectrum disorder, Thickness cortical thickness, VAChT acetylcholine transporter.