Fig. 1: Diabetes accelerates pancreatic cancer progression and is associated with a poor prognosis.

a Kaplan‒Meier survival curves depicting the overall survival of patients with primary resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the MSK-IMPACT cohort (n = 386 patients; n = 273 without diabetes, n = 113 with diabetes). b Kaplan‒Meier survival curves depicting the overall survival of patients with primary resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the Xijing Hospital cohort (n = 268 patients; n = 183 without diabetes, n = 85 with diabetes). c Schematic representation of tumor-bearing models in C57BL/6J mice (by figdraw.com). d Blood glucose change curves during the IPGTT (n = 4 mice per group). e Bar graphs showing the area under the curve for the IPGTT (n = 4 mice per group). f Bar graphs showing body weights in different mouse models (n = 8 mice per group). g Bar graphs showing fasting blood glucose levels in different mouse models (n = 8 mice per group). h Bar graphs comparing prefasting blood glucose levels between HFD + STZ mice and insulin-treated mice (n = 4 mice per group). i Representative images of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in the normal diet (chow), 4-week HFD, 16-week HFD, HFD + STZ and HFD + STZ + Insulin groups (n = 4 mice per group). j Bar graphs showing tumor volumes in different mouse models (n = 4 mice per group). k Bar graphs showing tumor weights in different mouse models (n = 4 mice per group). IPGTT intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. The bars represent the means ± SDs. P-values were determined by the log-rank test (a, b), one-way ANOVA (e–g, j, k) and two-tailed unpaired t-test (h). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.