Fig. 2: Electro-manipulating behaviors of negative-charged aramid nanofibers.

a Schematic illustration showing electro-manipulating movement of aramid nanofibers. b Thickness of aramid colloidal gels as functions of electromigration time. c Electromigration velocity of nanofibers. ANF: aramid nanofiber. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments) d Schematic illustration on electro-manipulating orientation of nanofibers. e Polarizing microscope images of nanofibers with different orientations, scale bar: 200 μm. f Schematic illustration on electrochemical gelation of aramid nanofibers. g Raman spectrum of aramid nanofiber and ANF gel. h shrinking and swelling of aramid nanofiber gel during switching on/off different voltages, inset scale bar: 500 μm.