Fig. 4: Performance of the unassisted electro-heterogeneous catalytic system in an alkaline electrolyte.

a Schematic of the unassisted catalytic system for propylene epoxidation. b PO production rate over TS-1(33) and TS-1(33)-m in 0.1 M NaPi, 0.1 M sodium borate, and 0.3 M sodium borate (all at pH 11). c H2O2 production in the unassisted catalytic system with GDE technology in 0.3 M sodium borate (pH 11). d Schematic of the Na-A zeolite filter. e Effect of the Na-A zeolite filter. (FLD is formaldehyde; reaction conditions: 0.3 M sodium borate buffer (pH 11), 60 mg of TS-1(33)-m, gas flow O2:C3H6 = 15:10 (25 sccm total), room temperature, continuous H2O2 supply rate of 24.1 μmol h–1). f PO and H2 productions for 5 h (Inset: extended data up to 24 h) and g selectivity of PO formation in the unassisted electro-heterogeneous catalytic system in 0.3 M sodium borate (pH 11) determined based on PO and propylene glycol yields (chemically) and the FE of H2 formation (electrochemically). The error bars indicate the standard deviation based on three independent measurements. Source data are provided as a Source data file.