Fig. 5: Performance of homemade solar-powered device.

a Schematics of self-designed homemade micro-reactor. b Cyclic stability of RF/C-TaSA catalyst tested by a solar-powered micro-reactor. Experimental conditions: benzyl alcohol (150 mL), water (200 mL), photocatalyst (2 g/L), natural light irradiation and outdoor (40.02° N and 116.32° E). c Comprehensive comparison of catalytic performance between RF/C-TaSA and reported state-of-the-art photocatalysts. d X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the Na₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃·1.5H₂O_2, and homemade Na₂CO₃·1.5H₂O₂. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.