Fig. 3: Optical characterization of triply doped core@shell@shell SiO2 MPs.

a Design of doping combinations with 4-PP, 4,4’-BP, and 1,8-NP dopants integrated into different layers of core@shell@shell SiO2 MPs. Photographs of corresponding ethanol dispersions exhibit excitation-dependent afterglow. b–d Excitation-afterglow mapping for 4,4’-BP-doped SiO2 MPs, 4,4’-BP-doped SiO2@1,8-NP-doped SiO2 MPs, and 4,4’-BP-doped SiO2@1,8-NP-doped SiO2@4-PP-doped SiO2 MPs. Lifetime and afterglow QY measurements for (e) cyan afterglow after the growth of shell layers of 4,4’-BP-doped SiO2 and 1,8-NP-doped SiO2, (f) blue afterglow after the growth of shell layers of 4-PP-doped SiO2 and 1,8-NP-doped SiO2, and (g) orange afterglow after the growth of shell layers of 4-PP-doped SiO2 and 4,4’-BP-doped SiO2. The dependence of lifetime and afterglow QYs on the shell layer combinations is depicted by different colors of circles and squares, representing the corresponding dopants.