Fig. 4: Neuronal sources of orthographic and semantic parafoveal processing.

a Mean sensor-level topographies across participants for the difference between representational similarity of orthographic within pairs and between pairs, in the 68–186 ms interval after fixation onset on the pre-target words, for magnetometers (left) and gradiometers (right), respectively. Sensors that showed significant differences in the correlation values were marked by white dots. b Source-level representational similarity analysis (RSA) results for the left and right hemispheres. The colour corresponds to the difference in representational similarity between orthographic within pairs and between pairs. The threshold was set at the 96th, 97.5th, and 99.95th percentiles of the data distribution, with sources exhibiting larger differences shown in orange and smaller differences in blue, colour coded based on their percentile. The location of the left cluster is consistent with the visual word-form area. c Topographic maps of the semantic parafoveal effect derived from a searchlight RSA. The figures on the left and right show the contribution of magnetometers and gradiometers to the semantic parafoveal effect. d Source-level RSA results for the left and right hemispheres. Clusters showing the maximal difference are in the left inferior frontal gyrus and around the right posterior parietal cortex. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.