Fig. 1: Smartphone-based fluorescence microscope.

a Photograph of the setup with a Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra on top. b Optical path sketch of the smartphone-based microscope. Each color frame encloses the optical components of the objective stage (yellow), sample stage (pink), laser stage (purple), and the smartphone camera (black). c A rendered model of the smartphone-based microscope ready for use. d Inside view with the laser, sample, and objective stages. e Exploded view depicting the supporting frame (SF) and the laser stage magnets. f– h Details of the three stages of the microscope with their main components. Obj: Objective. TL: tube lens. FL: focusing lens. EF: emission filter. FP: fixation point.