Fig. 1: Maps of power outages and natural disasters in China.

Note: The data is plotted at the county level (2245 county-level units nationwide, including 457 poverty counties). Grid-related natural disasters include strong winds, rainstorms, cold waves, geological hazards, wildfires, and heatwaves. a Shows the outage frequency for each county during the study period. b Shows the power outage duration at the county level. Areas depicted in white indicate a lack of available power outage data. c Shows the total number of natural disasters during the study period. d Shows different types of natural disasters during the study period. The Orange tracing represents poverty counties. The poverty counties in this study were identified by the Chinese government in 2014. The data span from December 2019 to September 2021. The base map used in this study is the 2019 China map, which has been reviewed and approved with the map review number GS (2019)1822 by the Standard Map Service System of the Ministry of Natural Resources.