Fig. 2: Dynamics of polar skyrons.
a Region of interest indicated by the rectangular box in Fig. 1c is integrated along the Qz’ direction near 013 peak. The change of intensity (\(\Delta\)I) is normalized by the diffraction intensity (I) before time zero is plotted as a function of Qx and the delay. m: the order number of the satellite peaks. ZE: zone edge. b The time-dependent diffraction intensity changes at the selected Qx as indicated by the same color-coded dashed lines in (a). c Fourier spectra of the time-dependent diffraction intensity in (b). The error bar represents the standard deviation of the data points before time zero. The frequencies of modes A and B discussed in the text are indicated by the arrows. d Static polar Skyrmion structure in real space obtained by phase-field simulation and calculated diffraction intensity of the static structure in reciprocal space. e Dynamical phase-field simulation of a snapshot of the perturbed polar skyrmion structure with the maximum polarization change. The arrows indicate polarization vectors of the unit cells. Their colors represent the magnitude of Pz\(\Delta\)Px. The right panel shows the corresponding diffraction intensity changes in the reciprocal space. f Schematic of domain and domain wall regions in a polar skyrmion. g Simulated diffraction intensity of the domain walls that mainly contributes to m = \(\pm\) 2 satellite peaks. h Analytical calculation of dynamical responses that separate the contribution from domain and domain walls at the maximum polarization change (See Supplementary Text 1).
