Fig. 3: Experimental studies of the structures and catalytic hydrogenation activities of Rh/CeO2.

a–c high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM, left) images and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, right) elemental maps of Rh1-CeO2 (a), RhNC/CeO2 (b), and RhNP/CeO2 (c). EDS mapping: yellow = Rh, purple = Ce. The yellow dashed circle highlights the nanocluster in the STEM image and partial aggregated Rh structures in the EDS maps. d the Fourier transform of k3-weighted extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra at the K-edge of Rh1-CeO2, RhNC/CeO2, RhNP/CeO2, Rh2O3, and Rh foil. e–g the wavelet transform analysis of Rh1-CeO2 (e), RhNC/CeO2 (f) and RhNP/CeO2 (g). h in situ CO-DRIFTS of Rh1-CeO2, RhNC/CeO2, and RhNP/CeO2, all labels denoted as “a.u.” in this work represent “arbitrary units”. i,j temperature-dependent CO2 conversion (i) and product distribution (j) during CO2 hydrogenation over various Rh/CeO2 catalysts, where the red line on the right side of panel (j) represents the CO selectivity for the Rh1-CeO2 catalyst.