Fig. 5: Annual and cumulative total materials flow, net demand, and the supply ratio of secondary material across six continents under early-loss scenario in the SDS.

a Annual inflow, outflow, net demand, and supply ratio of secondary materials across six continents. In each panel, inflows, outflows, and net demand are shown on the left vertical axis (with panel-specific scales), while the supply ratio is indicated by the line chart on the right vertical axis (with varying scales). b Cumulative material outflows by 2050 across six continents. Darker colors represent higher cumulative outflows. c Cumulative net material demand and supply ratios by 2050 across six continents. Darker colors indicate higher cumulative net demand, while larger circles represent higher cumulative supply ratios. SDS refers to the Sustainable Development Scenario. Mt denotes megaton. The details about the other two energy scenarios are provided in Supplementary Figs. 15 and 16.