Fig. 1: The integrated isotopic records across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) (in kyr relative to PETM onset).

a Paleographic map and sample locations during the PETM (PALEOMAP Project by Scotese and Wright, 2018 https://www.earthbyte.org/paleodem-resource-scotese-and-wright-2018/). b Carbonate (δ13Ccarb) of the Tingri section (this study) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 69019 and organic carbon (δ13Corg) records of the Kuzigongsu section. c Carbonate δ7Li records (δ7Licarb) from the Tingri section (this study), and ODP Sites (865C, 1210, 1051)17. d Detrital δ7Li records (δ7Lidet) from the Tingri section and Kuzigongsu section (this study), Fur and Svalbard sections17, and the floodplains in the Bighorn Basin18. e δ15N of formainifera-bound organic matter (δ15NFB) records from ODP Sites (865, 690, 213, 1210, 1263)14. f Carbonate δ238U records from ODP Sites (865, 690, 401)12. Age correlations of each profile and definitions of PETM peak and recovery are modified based on δ13Ccarb curve and age model from the ODP Site 690—the interval of PETM peak initiated at the onset of negative δ13Ccarb excursion and terminated prior the recovery of δ13Ccarb excursion, and the PETM recovery initiated at the onset of negative δ13Ccarb excursion until the δ13Ccarb returned to the baseline value19,86,87. The blue zones in (f) represents the average δ238U values of modern inorganic carbonates and seawater97.