Fig. 3: Maps of the lunar surface showing average normalized solar wind (SW) number flux (Javg) and energy flux (Ef,avg), alongside profiles of SW-damaged rim growth rate (k) versus Javg and Ef,avg.
From: Million-year solar wind irradiation recorded in chang’E-5 and chang’E-6 samples
a, c Lunar surface maps of \({J}_{{avg}}\) and \({E}_{f,{avg}}\), derived from Hall MHD simulations that incorporate latitude, Earth’s magnetosphere, and lunar magnetic anomalies. b, d Profiles of SW-damaged rim growth rate \(k\) versus \({J}_{{avg}}\) and \({E}_{f,{avg}}\) at different sampling sites, including Chang’E-5 (CE-5), Chang’E-6 (CE-6), Apollo 11, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17. Further details on \({J}_{{avg}}\) and \({E}_{f,{avg}}\) can be found in the caption to Table 1. Note that the SW flux data in panel (a) are from Xie et al.22, whereas those in panel (c) are calculated using the normalized SW energy flux definition \(E=N{V}_{r}{V}^{2}/({N}_{{sw}}{V}_{{sw}}^{3})\), where \(N\) and \({V}_{r}\) denote the simulated SW number density and its radial velocity component along the lunar radius, respectively; \({N}_{{sw}}\) and \({V}_{{sw}}\) represent parameters of the undisturbed upstream SW.
