Fig. 5: PVIN ablation in V1 abolished chronic GENUS-induced hyperexcitability reduction and hippocampal neuroprotection.

a Experimental schedule for behavioral performance, VEEG recordings, and immunofluorescence staining after chronic GENUS treatment. b Movement traces in OFT, EPM, and MWM. c Total distance traveled in OFT (n = 8 mice/group). d Ratio of entries into open arms in EPM (n = 8 mice/group). e Number of visits to the platform in the spatial probe test in MWM (n = 8 mice/group). f Immunofluorescence images of neurons (NeuN⁺), astrocytes (GFAP⁺), and microglia (Iba-1⁺) in hippocampal dCA3 region. Scale bar in NeuN⁺ and GFAP⁺ images = 200 μm. Scale bar in Iba-1⁺ images = 150 μm, zoom-in scale bar = 20 μm. g Number of neurons (NeuN⁺) in dCA3 region (n = 5 mice/group). h Number of astrocytes (GFAP⁺) in dCA3 region (n = 5 mice/group). i Number of microglia (Iba-1⁺) in dCA3 region (n = 5 mice/group). j Mean process length of microglia in dCA3 region (n = 5 mice/group). k Mean cell body diameter of microglia in dCA3 region (n = 5 mice/group). l Survival probability over a 60 min duration following pilocarpine administration (n = 12 mice/group). m Number of seizures per day (n = 8 mice/group). n Total duration of seizures (n = 8 mice/group). Data were means ± SEM (c–e, g–k, m, n) and rate (l); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test for (c–e, m, n). Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test for (g–k). Kaplan–Meier analysis with Log Rank (Mantel–Cox) test for (l). Data presented in (g–k) were derived from the corresponding data in Supplementary Fig. 5l–p. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.