Fig. 7: Inactivation of the retina-dLGN shell-superficial V1 pathway diminished the seizure susceptibility reduction induced by chronic GENUS.

a Experimental schedule for SE mice with the pathway inactivated after chronic GENUS treatment. b Sketch illustrating neuronal ablation. c Number of PVINs in the superficial V1. d Mean fluorescence intensity of vGLUT2 in the dLGN shell. e Number of ooDS-GSs in the retina. f Immunofluorescence images of PVINs (PV⁺) in the superficial V1. g Immunofluorescence images of vGLUT2 (vGLUT2⁺) in the dLGN shell. h Immunofluorescence images of ooDS-GSs (CART⁺) in the retina. i A time-frequency spectrogram of EEG. j Relative power at 40 Hz in response to 40 Hz flicker. k PSD of EEG recordings (20–60 Hz, 6 segments, 50 Hz notch). l Spike rate in mice with PVINs ablation in the superficial V1. m Seizures per day in mice with PVINs ablation. n Total seizure duration in mice with PVINs ablation. o Spike rate in mice with excitatory neurons ablation. p Seizures per day in mice with excitatory neuron ablation. q Total seizure duration in mice with excitatory neurons ablation. r Spike rate in mice with ooDS-GSs ablation. s Seizures per day in mice with ooDS-GSs ablation. t Total seizure duration in mice with ooDS-GSs ablation. Data were means ± SEM (c–e, j, l, n, o, r, t) and medians (IQR) (m, p, q, s); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. n = 8 mice/group for (c–e, j, l–t). Two-sided Student’s t test for (c–e). Repeated measures two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test for (j). One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test for l, n, o, r, and t. Kruskal–Wallis test with Bonferroni post hoc test for (m, p, q, s). All EEGs were recorded over the parietal cortex (AP: − 2.0; ML: ± 2.0; DV: − 0.5 mm). Scale bar = 500 μm for (f); 200 μm for (g); 1000 μm for (h). Zoom-in scale bar = 50 μm for (f); 20 μm for (g); 100 μm for (h). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.