Fig. 1: Key concepts of our self-charging power system.

a Schematic of our self-charging power systems (SCPS) featuring integration of large-scale droplet-based electricity generator (DEG) arrays with large-scale microsupercapacitor (MSC) arrays (PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene, LED: light emitting diode). b Irregular high-voltage of a 30-cell DEG panel array. c Fast charge-discharge performance (cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve at 100 V s−1) of a 100-cell MSC sub-array. d Comparison of the energy storage efficiency between our system and others25,30,33, including those using triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.