Fig. 3: Grounding line (GL) migration of Berry Glacier, West Antarctica.

a GL density and limits of IGZ (red dotted line) in 2019-2021, GL from hydrostatic equilibrium (HE, black) in year 2019 and center flowline (green) overlaid on bed topography with 200-m contour levels; b Sentinel-1 differential interferogram from year 2019 with GL position (black) and upstream phase signal in the opposite sense motion; c modeled differential sea surface height (SSH) versus observed InSAR displacements for S1a/b (orange) and CSK (blue); d GL position versus maximum SSH for states 1-3 during the 3 (to 4) acquisition times. Vertical error bars indicate the farthest and closest distances that the GL may reach based on the fringe pattern. Horizontal error bars denote uncertainty estimates derived from the CATS2008 tide model and the ERA5 reanalysis.