Fig. 6: Rate of change in surface elevation, ∂h/∂t, and basal melt rate, \(\dot{b}\), of Berry Glacier, West Antarctica from Jan 1, 2019 to Dec 31, 2022.

a Surface thinning color-coded from -6 to 0 m/year with GL positions in 1996 (white) and 2019–2021 (yellow, orange, red); b basal melt rate overlaid on bed topography with 100-m contour levels and with subglacial channels from GlaDS hydrology model; (c) basal melt rates on the west Getz Ice Shelf for 2019-2022 from this study and d for 2003-2008 from27. Black dash line in (c, d) delineates area within 10 km downstream of IGZ. White dash line in (c, d) marks area of coincident measurements of the average melt rate within the 10-km wide region for each glacier.