Fig. 4: PVM-GPE with an F-free SEI layer induces preferential growth of the crystal planes of Li metals.

Ex situ XRD patterns of crystal plane growth of Li metal (110) and (200) deposited at 0 h, 1 h and 2 h using PVM-GPE (a) and PDE (b) electrolytes. c, d Comparison of adsorption energies of PVM-GPE, DME and PC with Li (200) crystal planes. Comparison of adsorption energies of (e, f) PVM-GPE, DME and PC with Li (100) crystal planes.