Fig. 5: Dry and moist-heat extremes and impacts of irrigation on them.
From: Compounding future escalation of emissions- and irrigation-induced increases in humid-heat stress
The 99th percentile values of 2-metre air temperature (T2m: a) and wet-bulb temperature (Tw: b) of the historical simulations (1985–2014) without irrigation (Hist_NOI). Annual hours changed by historical irrigation of exposure to extreme events when (T2m: c and Tw: d) exceed the values shown in a, b. The calculation of impacts of forcings is conducted by subtracting the annual hours of the same events in the historical simulation with irrigation (Hist_IRR) by that of (Hist_NOI), as shown in Fig. 8. e, f Annual hours changed by future irrigation of exposure to extreme events (T2m: e, g and Tw: f, h) under SSP1-2.6 (e, f) and SSP3-7.0 (g, h). The calculation of impacts of forcings is conducted by subtracting the annual hours of the same events in the future simulation with irrigations (SSP1_IRR and SSP3_IRR) from those of future simulations without irrigation (SSP1_NOI and SSP3_NOI) during the period 2045-2074, as shown in Fig. 8. The values shown here are the mean values across all three ensemble members. Hatches indicate that all three ensemble members agree on the direction of change (≤-10 or ≥+10 hours yr−1). The spatial coverage of the IPCC reference regions32 used in this study is indicated by solid lines, dashed lines, and dash-dotted lines.
