Fig. 4: Temporal dynamic signatures of matrisome genes in each cell type during cortical development.

a Temporal expression patterns of matrisome genes across distinct cell types during human cortical development. Each data point represents the expression level of matrisome genes in an individual donor, with a best-fitted trend line illustrating the expression pattern. Expression levels of the top 10 matrisome genes showing temporal increases (red) and decreases (blue) are displayed, and the three most significant genes are labeled for each cell type across three developmental periods. b Bar graph displaying the number of differentially expressed matrisome genes in each cell type across three developmental periods (log₂ fold-change > 1, adjusted p-value < 0.05). c On the left, a heatmap displaying the expression levels of up to the top five matrisome genes across three developmental periods in astrocyte, GExN, and NSC (ranked by log₂ fold-change, adjusted p-value < 0.05). On the right, GO enrichment analysis of early-second trimester marker genes (log₂ fold-change>1, adjusted p-value < 0.05) against a matrisome gene background in astrocyte, GExN, and NSC. The x-axis represents the enrichment score, dot size indicates the number of genes in the annotation, and the -log₁₀ adjusted p-value is represented by the color scale. In b and c (left), differential expression was assessed using DESeq2 (negative binomial GLM, two-sided Wald test) with Benjamini–Hochberg FDR correction; effect size is log₂ fold-change with 95% Wald confidence intervals (n = as specified in Supplementary Fig. 1d).