Fig. 4: Gamma radiation-induced local structure evolution of MLCCs along [100] for both the matrix and interface region.

a–c Intensity distribution maps of O atom columns (IO) and d–f bond length distribution plots of Ti‒Ti bonds (dTi-Ti) for MLCCs without radiation (0 Gy/s), after low-dose-rate radiation (3.35E-6 Gy/s, 0.8844 Gy), and after high-dose-rate radiation (1E-1 Gy/s, 2000 Gy), measured from the matrix region; g–i Intensity distribution maps of Ba atom columns (IBa) for MLCCs with different radiation treatments, measured from the interface region.