Fig. 4: Universal mechanical signature of a T1 event.

a Time evolution of the averaged shear component σ_θz for bubbles losing a contact during the T1 event at different shear rates in the range 0.003–0.011 s⁻¹, corresponding to different radial distances from the rotation axis within the rheometer gap. b The same approach for experiments with different liquid fractions and a fixed shear rate of 0.01 s⁻¹, corresponding to the radial position r = 2.36 mm. c Same plot as (b) with a close-up between −20 and 20 s to focus on the stress relaxation and a log scale for the stress axis. d Collapse of the (σ_θz − σ_ss)/σ_ss as a function of Δγ/γ_ss. e Collapse of the same quantity for bubbles gaining contact during the same T1 event. f Stress relaxation duration Δt_T1, as measured in (c), as a function of the liquid fraction ϕ_ℓ. Error bars are obtained from statistics over all events.