Fig. 1: Sampling locations of the study population.

The map of the world highlights the four study locations, each represented by a distinct colour: orange for Côte d’Ivoire, green for Tanzania, yellow for Uganda, and blue for Laos.

The map of the world highlights the four study locations, each represented by a distinct colour: orange for Côte d’Ivoire, green for Tanzania, yellow for Uganda, and blue for Laos.